Competition Commission of India (CCI) established under Competition Act 2002, investigates anti-competitive practices and market dominance abuse. Recent landmark orders include Google's ₹1,337 crore penalty for Play Store monopoly (2022), Amazon-Flipkart seller preference cases, and telecom sector investigations. CCI defines market dominance as >25% market share or significant market power. Key enforcement areas include digital markets, e-commerce platforms, pharmaceutical sector tie-ups, and merger approvals. Powers include cease-and-desist orders, structural remedies, and penalties up to 10% of average turnover.

CCI operates as India's antitrust regulator, addressing market concentration and anti-competitive behavior that harms consumer welfare. The Commission's recent focus on digital platforms reflects evolving market dynamics where traditional competition metrics fail. Google's Android and Play Store cases demonstrate how CCI applies dominance tests to platform ecosystems, examining network effects and switching costs. The Amazon-Flipkart investigations into deep discounting and preferred seller arrangements highlight e-commerce market distortions. CCI's approach balances promoting innovation with preventing abuse of market power. Recent pharmaceutical merger conditions show sectoral expertise development. Market dominance assessment involves relevant market definition, market share calculation, and barriers to entry analysis. The Commission's penalty framework considers gravity, duration, and repeat violations. Digital market investigations require understanding two-sided markets, data advantages, and ecosystem lock-ins. CCI's remedial powers include behavioral modifications and structural separations, though enforcement challenges persist in dynamic markets.